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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the effect of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[ane] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, oftentimes from a dissimilar writing system.
This brandish may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple sequent symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing abiding length encoding (as in Asian sixteen-bit encodings vs European 8-scrap encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-xvi).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different event that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code bespeak displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the issue of right error handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake ways "graphic symbol transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "graphic symbol" and 化け (broil, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the example of not-compliance between these, it can be accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or simply relabeling information technology.
Mojibake is often seen with text data that take been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not even be tagged at all, but moved betwixt computers with unlike default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.
The differing default settings betwixt computers are in role due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating arrangement families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of homo languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-scrap lawmaking pages for text files in different languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an instance existence Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to meet mojibake relatively often. Every bit a Japanese instance, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored every bit EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted equally Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for instance) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (China) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted equally Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-one encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted equally GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is non specified, it is up to the software to decide information technology by other means. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in non-so-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, make of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to utilise a byte gild marker, but for source code and other car readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this every bit user.charset.[3] This also requires support in software that wants to take reward of information technology, only does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-viii, at that place are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML certificate'southward meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; meet character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For instance, the Eudora electronic mail customer for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-ane that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac OS version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the about frequently seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Man ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings notwithstanding in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can exist a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected past a mixup of two encodings (run across Problems in different writing systems).
- People recall they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually utilize as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but fifty-fifty in bookish literature, the word "ASCII" can be found used as an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[1] Notation that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on dissimilar information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient. For instance, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may exist communicated to the client in any number of three ways:
- in the HTTP header. This data tin exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, as an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingattribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in. - in the file, as a byte order mark. This is the encoding that the writer's editor actually saved it in. Unless an adventitious encoding conversion has happened (by opening information technology in one encoding and saving information technology in another), this will exist correct. Information technology is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support just one graphic symbol set and the character prepare typically cannot be altered. The character tabular array contained inside the display firmware volition be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from state to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Also, many early operating systems practise not back up multiple encoding formats and thus will terminate up displaying mojibake if made to display not-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the state the localized version will be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to support is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may attain a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to be direct recognised by a elementary algorithm, so that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of information technology. Ii of the near common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and give-and-take processors. Modern browsers and discussion processors oftentimes support a wide assortment of graphic symbol encodings. Browsers ofttimes allow a user to change their rendering engine'south encoding setting on the fly, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.
The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a not-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must modify the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. Withal, changing the system-wide encoding settings can also crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even so, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such every bit Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use tertiary party font rendering applications.
Issues in dissimilar writing systems [edit]
English language [edit]
Mojibake in English texts mostly occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), only rarely in graphic symbol text, since almost encodings hold with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" volition appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-eight but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand 8-fleck computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, simply flipped the instance of all letters. IBM mainframes apply the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the Northward Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that go corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in High german
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicable.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set up (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in utilise. Nonetheless, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted past two competing standards, the backward uniform Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatsoever confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in detail with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). Even so, with the appearance of UTF-8, mojibake has go more common in certain scenarios, eastward.one thousand. commutation of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-one and Windows-1252. Only UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, and then this was near common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. About of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible all the same.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.1000. the second letter in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other paw, does feature repeating vowels in words similar hääyö ("wedding night") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (e.chiliad. hääyö appears equally "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have x and eight possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make information technology more than hard to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become about entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In German language, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an writer might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard exercise in German when umlauts are non available. The latter exercise seems to be meliorate tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may exist used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. Equally an example, the Norwegian football game thespian Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his dorsum when he played for Manchester United.
An artifact of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring one thousand thousand nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[v]
| Swedish example: | Smörgås (open up sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Issue |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-i | Sm"rg†south |
| ISO 8859-i | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-1 | Smörgås |
| UTF-8 | Mac Roman | Smörgås |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. Because about computers were not continued to whatever network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were different grapheme encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-viii), often also varying by operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another afflicted language, which uses the 26 bones English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 grapheme set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are non in Latin-1. These two characters can exist correctly encoded in Latin-two, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became mutual in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Information technology is mutual to reply to an e-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) by graphic symbol mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Alluvion-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all absolute characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Result | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian example | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in ruby are incorrect and do non lucifer the top-left example. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very mutual in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Primal European CP 852 encoding; still, the operating organisation, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight note that small-case letters are mainly right, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made uniform with German language. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-ii encoding was designed and then that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the near mutual mistake present; due to ignorance, it occurs oft on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšM™RFéRŕGrand P rvˇztűr‹ t chiliad"rfŁr˘g‚p | Fundamental European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄ThouÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp | Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | vii-bit ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCGrand=D6RF=DAR=D3Chiliad=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCm=F6rf=FAr=F3one thousand=E9p | Mainly caused past wrongly configured postal service servers but may occur in SMS messages on some jail cell-phones as well. |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœChiliadÖRFÚRÃ"One thousandÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép | Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (equally the problem remains concealed for English texts). In this case the actual (oft generated) content is in UTF-8; notwithstanding, it is not configured in the HTML headers, and then the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Polish [edit]
Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various calculating platforms used their own graphic symbol encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Smooth characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other calculator sellers had placed them.
The situation began to improve when, after pressure level from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded equally the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters every bit krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[vi] The Soviet Union and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-simply 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came eight-scrap KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with loftier-flake set octets corresponding to 7-chip codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable afterward stripping the 8th bit, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and and then passed through the loftier bit stripping process, end upwards rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained unlike flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Byelorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the West, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belorussian likewise as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Lawmaking Page 1251 added back up for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Well-nigh recently, the Unicode encoding includes lawmaking points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding arrangement. Failure to practice this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is express to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, merely KOI8 has capital letter letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the incorrect Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were mutual. Equally of 2017, one can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, every bit well as Unicode. (An estimated 1.vii% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatsoever given web page in its source,[viii] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Different the former USSR, S Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the ascendant Cyrillic encoding there earlier Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their ain MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian example: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Outcome |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-1 | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication) and Slovenian add together to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (simply č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in strange names, also). All of these messages are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while just some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Os-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more decumbent to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is frequently displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is commonly done manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is of import considering the English versions of the Windows operating organization are nearly widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn acquired by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other 3 creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of figurer terminology originating in English language. In the cease, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not empathise what some option in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well every bit those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English language Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions crave special English versions with this support), but this setting tin can be and often was incorrectly set. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin can be set up to almost non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the figurer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.
Asian encodings [edit]
Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such every bit one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than i (typically two) characters are corrupted at one time, due east.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed equally "舐". Compared to the higher up mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for brusque words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since ii messages are combined, the mojibake also seems more than random (over fifty variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when estimator try to encode diacritic character divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-eight. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.
| Example: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Upshot |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-eight | Trăm năm trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨g n¨m trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-8 | Traêm naêone thousand trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same miracle is, every bit mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). Information technology is a detail problem in Nihon due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Aslope Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, equally well as being encountered past Japanese users, is also oftentimes encountered past not-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , pregnant 'cluttered code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese grapheme encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to fix the issue past switching the graphic symbol encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated considering of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters existence encoded using Japanese encoding.
Information technology is like shooting fish in a barrel to place the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed as | Event | Original text | Notation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original significant. The carmine character is non a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Almost of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical use in modernistic Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random mutual Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces betwixt every several characters. |
An additional problem is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or blowsy characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'southward "堃" and vocalizer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-People's republic of china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[9]
Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine ii existing, like characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare grapheme in the promise that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages every bit Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized by the awarding. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a reckoner missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.
One case of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character coordinating to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to acquit the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable equally mojibake generated by a reckoner not configured to display Indic text.[10] The logo as redesigned equally of May 2010[ref] has fixed these errors.
The thought of Plain Text requires the operating arrangement to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For case, the 'reph', the brusque class for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on summit of a plain letter. Nevertheless, information technology is wrong to go on top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on superlative of these messages. By contrast, for like sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on acme, such equally the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stalk form of the mutual give-and-take करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marāthi language.[11] Just information technology happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (night fifty) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, nearly notably Lao, were not officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] Still, diverse sites have made gratis-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[13] and the late inflow of Burmese language back up in computers,[fourteen] [15] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font merely was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were not.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this equally advertising hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei only replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]
Due to these advertizement hoc encodings, communications betwixt users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render equally garbled text. To get effectually this result, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[xviii] Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-24-hour interval" to officially switch to Unicode.[thirteen] The full transition is estimated to take two years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic republic of the congo, merely these are non more often than not supported. Diverse other writing systems native to Due west Africa present similar problems, such every bit the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.
Standard arabic [edit]
Another afflicted language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Arabic example: |  (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-v | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-two | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this article do not have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-eight is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-eight it should recognise it automatically, and not try to interpret something else equally UTF-viii.
Run across also [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement grapheme
- Substitute character
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though nigh software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or brandish the difference (e.g. version control systems and information comparison tools) can get substantially more than difficult to use if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte club mark – The almost in-band mode to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, merely will past design be perceived equally "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, more often than not optional, simply required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.
While failure to employ this transformation is a vulnerability (encounter cross-site scripting), applying information technology too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and so on. - Bush-league hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "gyre -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-fifteen .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-xiii. Retrieved 2014-xi-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
- ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map betwixt Code folio 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar'south digital earth". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
Oct. 1 is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new organisation.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years agone, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Borderland Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack two, circuitous scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such equally Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering trouble past adding actress code points that were reserved for Myanmar'south ethnic languages. Not just does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language support, it likewise results in a typing system that can exist disruptive and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two well-nigh popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only past capturing the largest market place share, which ways they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (vii September 2019). "Unified under one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve natural language processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Ofttimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
"UTF-8" technically does not apply to ad hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to better reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often postal service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, non to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to accept two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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